These macaques are primarily arboreal and can leap distances between trees up to five meters (16.4 ft), using their long tails for balance (Rodman 1991; Rowe 1996). Long-tailed macaques move quadrupedally through the canopy and spend some amount of time on the ground (Rodman 1991).
The daily time budget and movement patterns of long-tailed macaques involve traveling, feeding, resting and socializing. Long-tailed macaques have a home range size of about 1.25 km (.58 mi) and daily path length varies greatly between 150 and 1900 m (.09 and 1.18 mi) (Wheatley 1980; Rowe 1996). They highly prefer foraging and moving in riverine habitats, and the amount of time spent foraging decreases as they move further from the riverbank. Most of their daily activity happens within 100 m (328 ft) of the river, where resource density is much higher than areas further inland (van Schaik et al. 1996). After leaving their nesting tree between 5:30 and 6:00 a.m., they spend the morning hours feeding heavily while they spend the midday hours resting (Gurmaya et al. 1994). Aggressive interactions between group members are the highest while feeding on fruit, indicating strong competition for this valuable food resource (van Schaik & van Noordwijk 1988). While the group is resting, individuals sleep, play, or groom, with the youngest animals spending time playing while the older animals sleep and groom (Son 2004). After the midday period of rest, long-tailed macaques continue to search for food and feed as they move closer to their sleeping trees. They enter the sleeping trees in the early evening, between 6:00 and 6:30 p.m. and stay there for the night (Gurmaya et al. 1994; Son 2004).
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Long-tailed macaques sleep in trees along the river and are particular about choosing their roosting sites. Each group sleeps in its own tree and individuals huddle together when they sleep to maintain body temperature. They sleep toward the edge of the branches near the top or crown of the tree and preferentially choose branches that overhang the river (van Schaik et al. 1996). Long-tailed macaques are excellent swimmers, and this may be a predator avoidance technique: if they are threatened, they simply can escape by dropping to the water and swimming to safety (Rowe 1996; van Schaik et al. 1996). Some predators include pythons, monitor lizards, raptors, large cats, and, in some areas, feral dogs. (Palombit 1992; van Noordwijk & van Schaik 1999). The felid predation risk is so strong in some parts of their range that there is a discernible effect on social structure and group size (van Schaik & van Noordwijk 1985).
In 664 BC, the Kushites were expelled from Egypt by iron-wielding Assyrians. Later, the administrative capital was moved from Napata to Meröe, developing a new Nubian culture. Initially, Meroites were highly Egyptianized, but they subsequently began to take on distinctive features. Nubia became a center of iron-making and cotton cloth manufacturing. Egyptian writing was replaced by the Meroitic alphabet. The lion god Apedemak was added to the Egyptian pantheon of gods. Trade links to the Red Sea increased, linking Nubia with Mediterranean Greece. Its architecture and art diversified, with pictures of lions, ostriches, giraffes, and elephants. Eventually, with the rise of Aksum, Nubia's trade links were broken and it suffered environmental degradation from the tree cutting required for iron production. In 350 AD, the Aksumite king Ezana brought Meröe to an end.[107]
function hideDuiplicateInfo() $("#duplicateInfo").fadeOut();Tags: family tree rss feeds Previous100 Best Hip Hop Blogs and Websites (Rap Blogs)Next50 Best Game Development Blogs and Websites About The AuthorFeedspot Media Database TeamFeedspot has a team of over 50 experts whose goal is to discover and rank blogs, podcasts and youtube channels in several niche categories. Publishers submit their blogs or podcasts on Feedspot using the form at the top of this page. Our expert editorial team reviews and adds them to a relevant category list. Ranking is based on relevancy, blog post frequency(freshness), social metrics, domain authority, traffic and many other parameters. We routinely remove inactive blogs and those which are no longer relevant to a given list. List is updated as we receive new blog submissions and re-ranked every few weeks.More about Feedspot Lists and Ranking here _lists_and_ranking/
POSITION OF THE ORANGE SUBFAMILY, AURANTIOIDEAE, IN THE PLANT FAMILY RUTACEAE The family Rutaceae belongs to the division Embryophyta Siphonogama, subdivision Angiospermae, class Dicotyledoneae, subclass Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae and Apetalae), order Geraniales, suborder 1, Geraniineae, along with eleven other plant families classed by Engler and Diels (1936, p. xl) in the following order: Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Cneoraceae, Rutaceae, Simarubaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Akariaceae. The other suborders of the Geraniales are as follows: 2, Malpighiineae (3 families); 3, Polygalineae (2 families); 4, Dichapetalineae (1 family); 5, Tricoccae (2 families); 6, Callitrichineae (1 family). The order Geraniales is preceded by the order Rosales (including 17 families, among them Rosaceae and Leguminosae) and followed by the order Sapindales (including 23 families, among them Anacardiaceae and Sapindaceae). The relationship of the orange subfamily to the six other subfamilies of the Rutaceae is shown by the general key given by Engler (1931, pp. 105-11), which, translated somewhat freely from the German, reads as follows: Subfamily I. RUTOIDEAE. Carpels usually 4-5, seldom 1-3 or more, often united only by the common pistil and free below, at maturity more or less separated, opening inward by splitting the follicle (loculicidal), usually with a dehiscent endocarp, very seldom with 4-1 fleshy drupes (Pitaviinae). Leaves and bark of twigs with schizolysigenous oil glands. (5 tribes, 17 subtribes, 86 genera.) Tribe (i) Xanthoxyleae. Trees or shrubs, mostly small, greenish or greenish-white (seldom large and clear white) flowers which are always actinomorphous (radial) and often unisexual. Carpels only seldom with more than 2 ovules, Embryo [sic] mostly with flat cotyledons in endosperm (except Bosistoa and Pagetia). (5 subtribes, 30 genera.) Subtribe 1, Evodiinae (includes Xanthoxylon and Fagara) (20 g.), tropics and subtropics of Old and New Worlds; subtr. 2, Lunasiinae ( 1 g.), Monsoon region;1 subtr. 3, Decatropidinae (3 g.), Central America; subtr. 4, Choisyinae (5 g.), Central America, Pacific Islands, and Australia; subtr. 5, Pitaviinae (1 g.), Chile; Tribe (ii) Ruteae. Herbs or perennial herbs, seldom shrubs, with medium-sized, always perfect flowers, which sometimes (Dictamnus) are slightly zygomorphic. Carpels as a rule with more than 2 ovules (only in Ruta in the subgenus Haplophyllum with 2 ovules and occasionally indehiscent fruitlets). Seeds with endosperm. (2 subtribes, 6 genera.) Subtr. 6, Rutinae (5 g.), subtropical and temperate regions of Old and New Worlds (includes Cneoridium, a California shrub); subtr. 7, Dictamninae (1 g.), temperate zone of Europe and Asia; Tribe (iii) Boronieae. Perennial herbs or shrubs. Carpels with only 1 or 2 ovules. Flowers always actinomorphic, mostly perfect. Embryo usually straight, cylindrical, usually immersed in abundant fleshy endosperm. (5 subtribes, 19 genera.) Subtr. 8, Boroniinae (6 g.), Australia and New Caledonia; subtr. 9, Eriostemoninae (9 g.), Australia and New Caledonia; subtr. 10, Correinae (1 g.), Australia; subtr. 11, Nematolepidinae (2 g.), Western Australia; subtr. 12, Diplolaeninae (1 g.), Western Australia; Tribe (iv) Diosmeae. Mostly perennial herbs and shrubs, seldom trees (Calodendrum), always with simple leaves. Flowers almost always actinomorphic, mostly perfect. Seeds without endosperm. Embryo mostly straight with fleshy cotyledons. (3 subtribes, 12 genera.) Subtr. 13, Calodendrinae (1 g.) East Africa (Kenya) to Cape Province (South Africa); subtr. 14, Diosminae (9 g.), Cape Province (South Africa); subtr. 15, Empleurinae (2 g.), Cape Province (South Africa); Tribe (v) Cusparieae. Shrubs or tree. Flowers actinomorphic or the corolla and the androecium zygomorphic. Seeds with little or no endosperm. Embryo curved, the plumule lying between the cotyledons. (2 subtribes, 19 genera.) Subtr. 16, Pilocarpinae (3 g.), tropical America and subtropical South America; subtr. 17, Cuspariinae (16 g.), tropical America, mostly Brazil and northern South America. Subfamily II. DICTYOLOMATOIDEAE. Leaves with many-celled but not lysigenous oil glands. Flowers actinomorphic. Stamens isomerous and alternate with the petals, with bractlets at the base. Carpels united only at the base, with several ovules. Fruits with dehiscent endocarp, 3-4 seeded. Small trees with doubly pinnate leaves. (1 tribe, 1 genus.) Tribe (vi) Dictyolomateae. (1 genus.) Brazil and eastern Peru. Subfamily III. FLINDERSIOIDEAE. Trees or shrubs. Carpels 5-3, united, each with 2-8 ovules in 2 rows. Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, with persistent endocarp. Seed winged, without endosperm. Leaves with lysigenous oil glands. (1 tribe, 2 genera.) Tribe (vii) Flindersieae. (2 genera.) Eastern Australia, New Caledonia, East Indian Archipelago, Ceylon, and India. Subfamily IV. SPATHELIOIDEAE. Carpels 3, completely fused, each with 2 pendent ovules. Fruit a winged drupe with a 3-loculed hard pit. With oil-bearing secretory cells in the leaves, bark, and pith; lysigenous oil glands in the leaf margins. (1 tribe, 1 genus.) Tribe (viii) Spathelieae. (1 genus.) West Indies. Subfamily V. TODDALIOIDEAE. Carpels 5-2, incompletely or completely united, or else only 1, each with 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit formed out of 4-2 drupelets united only at the base, or which some occasionally abort, or else a drupe with a thick or thin mesocarp and a thick or thin endocarp, or a dry, winged, indehiscent fruit. Seeds with or without endosperm. (1 tribe, 6 subtribes, 25 genera.) Tribe (ix) Toddalieae. (6 subtribes, 25 genera.) Subtr. 18, Phellodendrinnae (2 g.), temperate and subtropical eastern Asia and tropical Africa; subtr. 19, Sohnreylinae (1 g.), Amazon Valley, Brazil; subtr. 20, Pteleinae (4 g.), tropical and temperate America; subtr. 21, Oriciinae (2 g.), tropical Africa; subtr. 22, Toddaliinae (13 g.), tropics, Old and New Worlds (include Casimiroa, a Mexican and Central American fruit tree); subtr. 23, Amyridinae (3 g.), northern South America, West Indies, Central America, Texas, Florida, tropical Africa. [The genus Amyris, having about 30 species native to Florida, Texas, Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and northern South America, is rather closely related to the tribe Clauseneae of the next subfamily, Aurantioideae.] Subfamily VI. AURANTIOIDEAE. Fruit a berry [or hesperidium] with a leathery rind or hard shell, in tribe Citreae often with pulp formed by juicy emergenzen that arise on the carpellary walls. Seeds without endosperm, sometimes with 2 or more nucellar [false] embryos. Leaves and bark [of twigs and young branches] with schizolysigenous oil glands [small or sometimes large trees, rarely shrubs.]; (2 tribes, 33 genera.) [This subfamily is given as classified by Swingle for this chapter. Engler made a single tribe with 2 subtribes and with a total of 29 genera.] Tribe (x) Clauseneae. (3 subtribes, 5 genera.) Subtr. 24, Micromelinae (1 g.), Monsoon region and western Polynesia as far as Tonga, Fiji, and Samoan Islands; subtr. 25, Clauseninae (3 g.), Monsoon region and tropical Africa; subtr. 26, Merrilliinae (1 g.), Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; Tribe (xi) Citreae. (3 subtribes, 28 genera.) Subtr. 27, Triphasiinae (8 g.), Monsoon region; subtr. 28, Citrinae (13 g.), Monsoon region and tropical Africa; subtr. 29, Balsamocitrinae (7 g.), Monsoon region and tropical Africa. Subfamily VII. RHABDODENDROIDEAE. Flowers with a bowl-shaped concave receptacle, with obliterated calyx, 5 petals, and very numerous stamens. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-locular, with 1 basal ovule. Pistil attached to the side of the ovary, with a long lateral stigma. Fruits with thin exocarp and thin endocarp. Leaves simple. (1 tribe, 1 genus.) Tribe (xii) Rhabdodendreae. (1 genus.) Amazon Valley. Total for the Rutaceae: 7 subfamilies, 12 tribes (containing 29 subtribes), with about 150 genera and 1,600 species.
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